Robert De Niro
Worldwide gross, reported dollars, 1980 to today.$11.92bn in 2025 dollars.
Based on 65 of 104 films with known box office for Robert De Niro (62.5%). Appearances as themselves or in archive footage are not counted as films.
Hit rate 37.3%.
The biggest film is Joker (2019), at $1.08bn. The five biggest make up 36% of the total.
Photo: TMDB
The career, in four acts
Each film's money sits on its first release date. Inflation-adjusted figures use the year the money was earned.
Heat, Cape Fear, Analyze This.
Meet the Fockers, Shark Tale, Meet the Parents.
Joker, Little Fockers, American Hustle.
Killers of the Flower Moon, The War with Grandpa, Amsterdam.
The nightly snapshot series · the time series behind the leaderboard, with its live pointShow
Annual points through 2019, monthly from 2020, then daily snapshots from 5 August 2026, with the latest shown as live (dashed, see note below).
Note on the last point: historical points only count a film once its earliest release date is at least 90 days old. The live point (dashed line above) is ungated and includes films released within the last 90 days, so it can jump ahead of the historical curve rather than extend it smoothly.
No films currently sit inside that 90-day gate for Robert De Niro.
The biggest films
No. 1Joker$1.08bn2019 · Billed 2nd
No. 2Meet the Fockers$516.57m2004 · Billed 2nd
No. 3Shark Tale$371.74m2004 · Billed 2nd
No. 4Meet the Parents$330.43m2000 · Billed 2nd
No. 5Little Fockers$310.65m2010 · Billed 1st
No. 6American Hustle$257.86m2013 · Billed 71st of 75
No. 7Silver Linings Playbook$236.41m2012 · Billed 3rd
No. 8Fahrenheit 9/11$221.15m2004 · Billed 38th of 52
No. 9The Intern$197.12m2015 · Billed 1st
No. 10Heat$187.43m1995 · Billed 2nd
No. 11Cape Fear$182.29m1991 · Billed 1st
No. 12Analyze This$176.89m1999 · Billed 1st
Cameos and sources
No cameos
No named source calls any of Robert De Niro's credits a cameo, so the total and the rank are the same with cameos counted or not.
Our rule: a cameo is what a named source calls a cameo. Billing never decides. How cameos are decided
Where the numbers come from
Worldwide gross for 67 of 67 films. Primary source.
Re-releases, and the full total where The Numbers reports less. Not needed for Robert De Niro today.
Credits, billing, dates, posters. Second opinion on the gross: TMDB has a figure for 64 of 67 films, and 46 of those agree within 5%.
Cameo calls: a named source says the appearance is a cameo. Billing never decides. None of Robert De Niro's credits has a cameo call yet.
How the total is built
- Every film counts once, whatever the role.
- A film's gross is its original run plus re-releases.
- Inflation is adjusted from the year the money was earned, to 2025 dollars.
- Appearances as themselves and archive footage are not counted as films. Any box office they carry stays in the total unless that switch is off.
Credits by role
Actor (unclassified)
Director
200
2
Filmography
- Joker 2019Murray Franklin · Billed 2nd$1.08bn
- Meet the Fockers 2004Jack Byrnes · Billed 2nd$516.57m
- Shark Tale 2004Don Lino (voice) · Billed 2nd$371.74m
- Meet the Parents 2000Jack Byrnes · Billed 2nd$330.43m
- Little Fockers 2010Jack Byrnes · Billed 1st$310.65m
- American Hustle 2013Victor Tellegio (uncredited) · Billed 71st of 75· Uncredited$257.86m
- Silver Linings Playbook 2012Pat Solatano Sr. · Billed 3rd$236.41m
- Fahrenheit 9/11 2004Self (archive footage) · Billed 38th of 52· Archive footage$221.15m
- The Intern 2015Ben Whitaker · Billed 1st$197.12m
- Heat 1995Neil McCauley · Billed 2nd$187.43m
The receipts
Here is every film, every figure, and how we added it up.
- All time, worldwide, all roles
- in dollars as reported, not adjusted for inflation
Uncredited appearances: counted. Appearances as themselves: counted where the film has box office. Cameos: counted.
We counted 67 films. Together they earned $7.25bn. Each film is counted once. That is the 26th biggest total, all time, worldwide, out of the 30 people ranked on TopLiner. Ranks come from the leaderboard published on 1 November 2026.
How it adds up
Check it yourself: add up the 67 counted films below and you get $7.25bn.
Find every film. We looked for every title Robert De Niro is credited on. We found 200 titles. Of these, 94 show Robert De Niro as themselves or in old clips. They have no box office figure, so they are not counted as films. That leaves 106 films.
Find the money. 67 of the 106 films have a box office figure. That is the money that cinema tickets brought in around the world. 38 have no figure we trust yet, so they add nothing. We never guess. 1 is not out yet.
Count each film once. If someone acts in a film and also directs it, the film still counts one time. 1 film here has more than one job for Robert De Niro.
Add it up. The 67 films together earned $7.25bn, in dollars as reported, not adjusted for inflation. Divide by 67 and the average is $108.27m a film.
Rank everyone. We add up every person the same way. Then we sort them from the biggest total to the smallest. Robert De Niro has the 26th biggest total of the 30 people ranked on TopLiner.
25 of the 67 films earned $100 million or more (in dollars as reported).
Film by film: counted (67)
- Joker 2019$1.08bn
- Meet the Fockers 2004$516.57m
- Shark Tale 2004$371.74m
- Meet the Parents 2000$330.43m
- Little Fockers 2010$310.65m
- American Hustle 2013
Counted. Robert De Niro was not named on screen.
$257.86m
Show all 67 counted filmsShow fewer
- Silver Linings Playbook 2012$236.41m
- Fahrenheit 9/11 2004$221.15m
- The Intern 2015$197.12m
- Heat 1995$187.43m
- Cape Fear 1991$182.29m
- Analyze This 1999$176.89m
- Sleepers 1996$165.60m
- Killers of the Flower Moon 2023$156.43m
- Limitless 2011$155.56m
- Backdraft 1991$152.37m
- New Year's Eve 2011$146.85m
- Stardust 2007$137.02m
- Hide and Seek 2005$123.70m
- The Score 2001$113.54m
- Last Vegas 2013$112.91m
The Numbers: $112.91m · TMDB: $134.40m
- Casino 1995$110.40m
The Numbers: $110.40m · TMDB: $116.11m
- Dirty Grandpa 2016$105.08m
The Numbers: $105.08m · TMDB: $94.10m
- Joy 2015$101.13m
- The Good Shepherd 2006
Counted once, even though Robert De Niro had 2 jobs on it.
$100.38m - Men of Honor 2000$82.34m
- Midnight Run 1988$81.61m
The Numbers: $81.61m · TMDB: $38.41m
- The Family 2013$80.59m
The Numbers: $80.59m · TMDB: $36.89m
- Showtime 2002$78.95m
- Righteous Kill 2008$78.48m
- The Untouchables 1987$76.27m
Domestic gross shown as primary: the worldwide total’s international component is a source placeholder, so it is effectively domestic only. Worldwide as reported: $76.27m (flagged unreliable).
- Jackie Brown 1997$74.73m
- Ronin 1998$70.69m
- Grudge Match 2013$69.82m
The Numbers: $69.82m · TMDB: $44.91m
- Killer Elite 2011$65.41m
The Numbers: $65.41m · TMDB: $57.78m
- Wag the Dog 1997$64.25m
- Cop Land 1997$63.71m
- 15 Minutes 2001$56.33m
- Great Expectations 1998$55.41m
- Analyze That 2002$54.99m
- The Big Wedding 2013$48.43m
The Numbers: $48.43m · TMDB: $21.80m
- GoodFellas 1990$47.10m
- The War with Grandpa 2020$46.82m
The Numbers: $46.82m · TMDB: $43.39m
- Machete 2010$46.37m
- The Adventures of Rocky & Bullwinkle 2000$35.13m
- Amsterdam 2022$31.25m
- Raging Bull 1980$23.38m
Domestic gross shown as primary: the worldwide total’s international component is a source placeholder, so it is effectively domestic only. Worldwide as reported: $23.42m (flagged unreliable).
- City by the Sea 2002$22.43m
Domestic gross shown as primary: the worldwide total’s international component is a source placeholder, so it is effectively domestic only. Worldwide as reported: $22.51m (flagged unreliable).
- The Mission 1986$20.80m
The Numbers: $20.80m · TMDB: $17.20m
- About My Father 2023$17.66m
- Angel Heart 1987$17.18m
Domestic gross shown as primary: the worldwide total’s international component is a source placeholder, so it is effectively domestic only. Worldwide as reported: $17.19m (flagged unreliable).
- Godsend 2004$16.87m
The Numbers: $16.87m · TMDB: $30.12m
- Red Lights 2012$14.52m
The Numbers: $14.52m · TMDB: $13.55m
- Falling in Love 1984$10.60m
Domestic gross shown as primary: the worldwide total’s international component is a source placeholder, so it is effectively domestic only. Worldwide as reported: $10.60m (flagged unreliable).
- The Alto Knights 2025$10.23m
- Brazil 1985$9.93m
Domestic gross shown as primary: the worldwide total’s international component is a source placeholder, so it is effectively domestic only. Worldwide as reported: $9.93m (flagged unreliable).
- Once Upon a Time in America 1984$5.58m
- Being Flynn 2012$5.06m
The Numbers: $5.06m · TMDB: $540,152
- Hands of Stone 2016$5.03m
- Stone 2010$4.07m
The Numbers: $4.07m · TMDB: $9.48m
- Ezra 2024$3.33m
The Numbers: $3.33m · TMDB: $3.05m
- Heist 2015$3.32m
The Numbers: $3.32m · TMDB: $4.10m
- What Just Happened 2008$2.41m
The Numbers: $2.41m · TMDB: $6.67m
- The Comedian 2016$1.71m
The Numbers: $1.71m · TMDB: no figure
- The Bridge of San Luis Rey 2004$1.70m
The Numbers: $1.70m · TMDB: no figure
- Peggy Guggenheim: Art Addict 2015$984,468
The Numbers: $984,468 · TMDB: no figure
- The Bag Man 2014$137,271
The Numbers: $137,271 · TMDB: $56,574
Not counted: no box office figure found (38)
- The Whisper Man 2026
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Tin Soldier 2025
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Savage Salvation 2022
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Morceaux de Cannes 2021
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- The Comeback Trail 2020
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Father of the Bride Part 3 (ish) 2020
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
Show all 38 films with no figureShow fewer
- News from Taxi Driver 2019
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- The Irishman 2019
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- The Wizard of Lies 2017
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- The Godfather: The Complete Epic 1901–1959 2016
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Ellis 2015
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Killing Season 2013
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Python Legs! 2012
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Freelancers 2012
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- 9/11: 10 Years Later 2011
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- The Ages of Love 2011
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Everybody's Fine 2009
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Arthur and the Invisibles 2006
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Club Oscar 2005
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Flawless 1999
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- The Fan 1996
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Marvin's Room 1996
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- One Hundred and One Nights 1995
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Mary Shelley's Frankenstein 1994
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- A Bronx Tale 1993
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Mad Dog and Glory 1993
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- This Boy's Life 1993
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Night and the City 1992
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Mistress 1992
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- The Godfather Trilogy: 1901-1980 1992
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Guilty by Suspicion 1991
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Awakenings 1990
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Stanley & Iris 1990
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Jacknife 1989
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- We're No Angels 1989
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- Dear America: Letters Home from Vietnam 1987
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- The King of Comedy 1982
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
- True Confessions 1981
Not counted. We could not find a box office figure we trust, and we never guess.
Not counted: not in cinemas yet (1)
- Focker-in-Law 2026
Not counted yet. It has not reached cinemas.
Not counted: documentaries and old clips, as themselves (94)
- Nobu 2025
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Henry Fonda for President 2025
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- American Prince: JFK Jr. 2025
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Megadoc 2025
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Breakdown: 1975 2025
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- SNL50: The Homecoming Concert 2025
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
Show all 94 documentaries and old clipsShow fewer
- Sly 2023
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Hot Potato: The Story of The Wiggles 2023
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Yellow Door: '90s Lo-fi Film Club 2023
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- The Randall Scandal: Love, Loathing, and Vanderpump 2023
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Albert Brooks: Defending My Life 2023
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- The Past Goes Fast 2022
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Prisoners of Our Own History: The First Four Films of Roland Joffé 2022
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Sergio Leone: The Italian Who Invented America 2022
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Fuck Coin 2021
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Quentin Tarantino: From a Movie Buff to a Hollywood Legend 2021
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- The Collaboration of a Lifetime: Scorsese's Epic The Irishman 2020
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Making 'The Irishman' 2020
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- GoodFellas: Behind Closed Doors 2020
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Crazy, Not Insane 2020
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- 537 Votes 2020
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- The Irishman: In Conversation 2019
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- I Am Durán 2019
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Comedy Central Roast of Alec Baldwin 2019
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Breslin and Hamill: Deadline Artists 2018
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Jim Norton: Mouthful of Shame 2017
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Alec Baldwin: One Night Only 2017
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- The Words That Built America 2017
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Taxi Driver: 40th Anniversary Cast Q&A 2016
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- I Am JFK Jr. 2016
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- National Museum of African American History and Culture Grand Opening Ceremony 2016
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Tony Bennett Celebrates 90 2016
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- The Audition 2015
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Il segreto di Otello 2015
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Scorsese's GoodFellas 2015
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Remembering the Artist: Robert De Niro, Sr. 2014
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Inside Rupert Pupkin 2014
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- The Man Who Saved the World 2014
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Don Rickles: One Night Only 2014
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- David Blaine: Real or Magic 2013
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Miracle Rising: South Africa 2013
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Trespassing Bergman 2013
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Close Up 2012
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Final Cut: Ladies and Gentlemen 2012
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Casting By 2012
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Marty and Bobby 2011
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Raging Bull: Marty & Bobby 2011
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Behind Bars: The Making of Stone 2011
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Raging Bull: Reflections on a Classic 2011
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Corman's World 2011
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Sesame Street: 40 Years of Sunny Days 2010
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- I Knew It Was You: Rediscovering John Cazale 2009
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- SNL Presents: A Very Gilly Christmas 2009
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- The Beaches of Agnès 2008
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Making Casino 2007
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Influence And Appreciation: A Martin Scorsese Tribute 2007
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- God's Lonely Man 2007
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Mr. Warmth: The Don Rickles Project 2007
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Le Cirque: A Table in Heaven 2007
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Tony Bennett: An American Classic 2006
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Pacino and De Niro: The Conversation 2005
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Raging Bull: Before the Fight 2005
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- De Niro vs. La Motta: Shot for Shot 2005
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- The Making of 'Heat' 2005
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Raging Bull: Outside the Ring 2005
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Raging Bull: Inside the Ring 2005
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- The 'New York, New York' Stories 2005
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Raging Bull: After the Fight 2005
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Ronin: Filming in the Fast Lane 2004
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Getting Made: The Making of 'GoodFellas' 2004
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex 'n' Drugs 'n' Rock 'n' Roll Generation Saved Hollywood 2003
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Jackie Brown: How It Went Down 2002
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- A Shot at the Top: The Making of 'The King of Comedy' 2002
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- 9/11 2002
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Making "The Score" 2001
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- The Making of 'Cape Fear' 2001
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- The Concert for New York City 2001
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Making 'Taxi Driver' 1999
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Lenny Bruce: Swear to Tell the Truth 1998
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Junket Whore 1998
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Ennio Morricone 1995
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- You Talkin' to Me? 1994
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- It's Alive: The True Story of Frankenstein 1994
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Aretha Franklin: Duets 1993
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Blast 'Em 1992
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Hollywood Mavericks 1990
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Martin Scorsese Directs 1990
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- The Godfather Family: A Look Inside 1990
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- The Making of Moonwalker 1989
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Movies Are My Life 1988
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Hello Actors Studio 1988
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Night of 100 Stars II 1985
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Elia Kazan: An Outsider 1982
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
- Night of 100 Stars 1982
Not counted. It shows them as themselves or in old clips, and it has no box office figure.
TopLiner · the film bankability index · ranks from the leaderboard for 1 November 2026, published 1 November 2026 09:30 UTC. Totals, the chart and the filmography are worked out from the latest data each time this page is refreshed.